Background: The physical science of biology and social sciences of psychiatry, psychology and religion address “self” as one of their main themes of investigation. Objective: to find out which self-described by these sciences represents “sapiens” distinguished from all other organisms because of having wisdom. Methodology: a representative text of biology was chosen and subjected to textual and statistical analyses and contrasted to those of psychiatry, psychology and religion. Results: Biology, psychiatry and psychology employ the eight-taxon structure of Linnaeus [1] in which wisdom has no role to play and thus “sapiens” are treated as if they were similar, if not the same as, all other species of plants and animals. Religion, however, divides “sapiens” to three types of self-based on whether they exercise their wisdom or not. Conclusion: Biology, psychiatry and psychology render all selves including “sapiens” subject to life on the earth and justify whatever they do in terms of securing and enjoying it. Religion, however, lifts “sapiens” to the vicegerency of God and holds them responsible for the type of self they choose to become by extending life to hereafter.

Purpose: The aim of the study is to develop a methodology for assessing the quality of mental health services. Research material - The participation of psychiatric staff in a sociological study of the availability and quality of mental health services. Refusal of psychiatric staff to participate in the survey. The necessary questionnaires were provided to record the psychiatric staffs responses to the survey. The questionnaires were completed by the surveyed nurses as workplace respondents. In order not to violate the anonymity of the survey, the last name or first name of the respondent should not be indicated in the questionnaire. The study involved 100 people. Results - A social survey of patients in psychiatric institutions is of great importance and highlights a number of questions aimed at improving it. Thus, in order to improve the work of the hospital, first of all, the results of a sociological survey conducted among psychiatric workers should be taken into account. Employees are very incompetent to involve family members in the treatment of patients - 20%. Conclusion - There is no doubt that future solutions to the main problems identified in this paper will help improve the quality of mental health care.

Echinococcal (Hydatid) cyst of the kidney is a very uncommon disease which is sporadically reported in Echinococcal endemic areas of the world as well it tends to be reported in non-endemic areas in view of global travel on extremely rare occasions. Hydatid cyst of the kidney could manifest with non-specific symptoms including: loin/flank pain or discomfort; abdominal pain; a mass within the loin or abdomen; hydatiduria; abdominal distension; weight loss; other non-specific symptoms. A history of residence in or having travelled from an echinococcal endemic area and having been in contact with animals including dogs does play an important role in alerting the clinician regarding the possibility of Echinococcal disease is useful. The general and systematic examinations could be normal but tenderness within the loin and tenderness in the upper abdomen could be found which may or may not be associated with a palpable mass within the loin or upper abdomen. The results of routine haematology and biochemistry blood tests could be normal except at times there could be eosinophilia. Urinalysis could show hydatiduria. A positive Casoni intradermal test results or a positive Echinococcal serology test would tend to alert clinicians about Echinococcal disease. Radiology imaging of the abdomen and renal tract including ultrasound scan, computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance scan, of the abdomen would show the cyst (most commonly) or cysts, (occasionally) within the kidney as well the size of the cyst and the amount of normal looking renal parenchyma and presence of daughter cysts could be demonstrated. Furthermore, if there is hydronephrosis or hydroureter the radiology images would reveal it. Treatment of hydatid cyst of the kidney does entail treatment with a combination of: Cycles of anti-scolicidal medications of which albendazole is the commonest used medicament and. Surgical treatment could include: Laparoscopic Drainage of the hydatid cyst and peri-cystectomy. Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. Laparoscopic nephrectomy excising the entire kidney on rare occasions. Laparoscopic nephroureterectomy when the ureter is also involved by hydatid cyst. Open surgical drainage of the hydatid cyst and peri-cystectomy. Open drainage of the hydatid cyst and partial nephrectomy. Open drainage of the hydatid cyst and full nephrectomy. Open drainage of the hydatid cyst and nephroureterectomy if there is an associated hydatid cyst of the ureter. If there is an associated hydatid cyst elsewhere for example in the liver that cyst would also be carefully excised. Utilization of antiscolicidal medicaments alone without surgery had yielded poor results and recurrence of cysts with the exception of one reported case in which utilization of albendazole alone was associated with a good outcome. Aspiration alone of the hydatid cyst has not emanated in good results therefore it is not an option of treatment generally used. With regard to outcome a combination of treatment with albendazole and complete excision of the hydatid cyst of the kidney without spillage from the cyst does result in good outcome and no recurrence of the cyst. Occasional recurrence of the hydatid cyst of the kidney has been reported which could perhaps have been due to incomplete excision of the cyst or spillage of the cyst content plus or minus not having taken enough anti-scolicidal agents although some patients had been successfully treated with complete excision of the hydatid cyst alone without antiscolicidal medicament.

Background and aims: Natural products, especially plant extracts, have opened up great opportunities in the field of drug progress due to their chemical variety. The genus Aloe has long been used for medicinal uses in countless parts of the world. This study was designed to investigate the phytochemicals and anti-cancer capabilities of Aloe rubroviolaceae, Aloe vera and Aloe sabaea flowers. Materials and Methods: The methanolic extracts of three types of plants traditionally used in Yemen to treat a variety of diseases have been tested in vitro for their potential anticancer activity on different human cancer cell lines. The cytotoxic activity of the methanolic extracts of tested plants was determined using eleven strains of human cancer cells, namely: MCF-7 (breast cancer), PC-3 (prostate cancer), HEP-2 (human epithelial carcinoma), MNFS-60 (myelogenous leukemia), CACO (intestinal cancer), A-549 (lung adenocarcinoma), HeLa (cervical cancer), RD (rhabdomyosarcoma),HepG2 (hepatocellular carcinoma), HCT-116 (colon cancer), and CHO-K1 (Chinese hamster ovary). A colorimetric sulforhodamine B assay was used to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxic activity of different extracts. Growth inhibition of 50% (IC50) for each extract was calculated from the optical density of treated and untreated cells. Doxorubicin, a broad-spectrum anticancer drug was used as a positive control. Results: More interesting cytotoxic activity was observed for Aloe vera extract more than Aloe sabaea and Aloe rubroviolaceae, extract. Conclusions: This study provides a preliminary screening for anti-proliferative activity of various Aloe species flowers extracts on different cancer cell lines. Different extracts of Aloe species significantly inhibit the growth of various cancer cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner. Further investigations are required to understand the possible mechanism(s) of action of these extract on various cancer cells and isolation of active phyto-chemicals.